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Active Support 變形器

Inflector 將單數詞彙轉換為複數、類別名稱轉換為表格名稱、模組化類別名稱轉換為非模組化名稱,以及類別名稱轉換為外鍵。複數化、單數化和不可數名詞的預設變形規則保存在 inflections.rb 中。

Rails 核心團隊已聲明,不會接受針對變形器函式庫的修補程式,以避免破壞可能依賴錯誤變形規則的舊版應用程式。如果您發現不正確的變形規則,且您的應用程式需要它,或者您希望定義英語以外語言的規則,請自行更正或新增它們(如下所述)。

命名空間
方法
C
D
F
H
I
O
P
S
T
U

常數

ALLOWED_ENCODINGS_FOR_TRANSLITERATE = [Encoding::UTF_8, Encoding::US_ASCII, Encoding::GB18030].freeze
 

實例公開方法

camelize(term, uppercase_first_letter = true)

將字串轉換為大駝峰式命名法 (UpperCamelCase)。如果 uppercase_first_letter 參數設為 false,則會產生小駝峰式命名法 (lowerCamelCase)。

也會將「/」轉換為「::」,這對於將路徑轉換為命名空間很有用。

camelize('active_model')                # => "ActiveModel"
camelize('active_model', false)         # => "activeModel"
camelize('active_model/errors')         # => "ActiveModel::Errors"
camelize('active_model/errors', false)  # => "activeModel::Errors"

一般來說,您可以將 camelize 視為 underscore 的反向操作,儘管有些情況並非如此。

camelize(underscore('SSLError'))        # => "SslError"
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb, line 70
def camelize(term, uppercase_first_letter = true)
  string = term.to_s
  # String#camelize takes a symbol (:upper or :lower), so here we also support :lower to keep the methods consistent.
  if !uppercase_first_letter || uppercase_first_letter == :lower
    string = string.sub(inflections.acronyms_camelize_regex) { |match| match.downcase! || match }
  elsif string.match?(/\A[a-z\d]*\z/)
    return inflections.acronyms[string]&.dup || string.capitalize
  else
    string = string.sub(/^[a-z\d]*/) { |match| inflections.acronyms[match] || match.capitalize! || match }
  end
  string.gsub!(/(?:_|(\/))([a-z\d]*)/i) do
    word = $2
    substituted = inflections.acronyms[word] || word.capitalize! || word
    $1 ? "::#{substituted}" : substituted
  end
  string
end

classify(table_name)

從複數表格名稱建立類別名稱,就像 Rails 將表格名稱轉換為模型一樣。請注意,這會傳回一個字串,而不是一個 Class。(要轉換為實際的類別,請在 classify 之後使用 constantize。)

classify('ham_and_eggs') # => "HamAndEgg"
classify('posts')        # => "Post"

單數名稱無法正確處理。

classify('calculus')     # => "Calculu"
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb, line 218
def classify(table_name)
  # strip out any leading schema name
  camelize(singularize(table_name.to_s.sub(/.*\./, "")))
end

constantize(camel_cased_word)

嘗試在參數字串中尋找指定名稱的常數。名稱假設為頂級常數的名稱,無論它是否以 "::" 開頭。不會考慮詞彙上下文。

constantize('Module')   # => Module
constantize('Foo::Bar') # => Foo::Bar

名稱假設為頂級常數的名稱,無論其是否以「::」開頭。詞彙上下文將不予考慮。

C = 'outside'
module M
  C = 'inside'
  C                # => 'inside'
  constantize('C') # => 'outside', same as ::C
end

當名稱不是駝峰式命名法或常數未知時,會引發 NameError

# File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb, line 289
def constantize(camel_cased_word)
  Object.const_get(camel_cased_word)
end

dasherize(underscored_word)

將字串中的底線替換為連字號。

dasherize('puni_puni') # => "puni-puni"
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb, line 226
def dasherize(underscored_word)
  underscored_word.tr("_", "-")
end

deconstantize(path)

從字串中的常數表達式移除最右邊的區段。另請參閱 demodulize

deconstantize('Net::HTTP')   # => "Net"
deconstantize('::Net::HTTP') # => "::Net"
deconstantize('String')      # => ""
deconstantize('::String')    # => ""
deconstantize('')            # => ""

另請參閱 demodulize

# File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb, line 256
def deconstantize(path)
  path.to_s[0, path.rindex("::") || 0] # implementation based on the one in facets' Module#spacename
end

demodulize(path)

從字串中的表達式移除模組部分。另請參閱 deconstantize

demodulize('ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections') # => "Inflections"
demodulize('Inflections')                           # => "Inflections"
demodulize('::Inflections')                         # => "Inflections"
demodulize('')                                      # => ""

另請參閱 deconstantize

# File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb, line 238
def demodulize(path)
  path = path.to_s
  if i = path.rindex("::")
    path[(i + 2), path.length]
  else
    path
  end
end

downcase_first(string)

將字串中的第一個字元轉換為小寫。

downcase_first('If they enjoyed The Matrix') # => "if they enjoyed The Matrix"
downcase_first('I')                          # => "i"
downcase_first('')                           # => ""
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb, line 175
def downcase_first(string)
  string.length > 0 ? string[0].downcase.concat(string[1..-1]) : +""
end

foreign_key(class_name, separate_class_name_and_id_with_underscore = true)

從類別名稱建立外鍵名稱。separate_class_name_and_id_with_underscore 設定方法是否應在名稱和「id」之間放置「_」。

foreign_key('Message')        # => "message_id"
foreign_key('Message', false) # => "messageid"
foreign_key('Admin::Post')    # => "post_id"
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb, line 267
def foreign_key(class_name, separate_class_name_and_id_with_underscore = true)
  underscore(demodulize(class_name)) + (separate_class_name_and_id_with_underscore ? "_id" : "id")
end

humanize(lower_case_and_underscored_word, capitalize: true, keep_id_suffix: false)

調整屬性名稱以便顯示給終端使用者。具體來說,執行以下轉換:

具體來說,會執行以下轉換:

  • 將人性化變形規則應用於參數。

  • 刪除前導底線(如果有的話)。

  • 移除「_id」後綴(如果有的話)。

  • 將底線替換為空格(如果有的話)。

  • 將所有單詞小寫,但縮寫詞除外。

  • 將第一個單詞大寫。可以透過將 :capitalize 選項設定為 false(預設為 true)來關閉第一個單詞的大寫。

可以通過將`:capitalize`選項設置為false(默認為true)來關閉首字母大寫的功能。

可以透過將可選參數 keep_id_suffix 設定為 true(預設為 false)來保留尾部的「_id」並將其大寫。

humanize('employee_salary')                  # => "Employee salary"
humanize('author_id')                        # => "Author"
humanize('author_id', capitalize: false)     # => "author"
humanize('_id')                              # => "Id"
humanize('author_id', keep_id_suffix: true)  # => "Author id"

如果「SSL」被定義為縮寫詞:

humanize('ssl_error') # => "SSL error"
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb, line 135
def humanize(lower_case_and_underscored_word, capitalize: true, keep_id_suffix: false)
  result = lower_case_and_underscored_word.to_s.dup

  inflections.humans.each { |(rule, replacement)| break if result.sub!(rule, replacement) }

  result.tr!("_", " ")
  result.lstrip!
  if !keep_id_suffix && lower_case_and_underscored_word&.end_with?("_id")
    result.delete_suffix!(" id")
  end

  result.gsub!(/([a-z\d]+)/i) do |match|
    match.downcase!
    inflections.acronyms[match] || match
  end

  if capitalize
    result.sub!(/\A\w/) do |match|
      match.upcase!
      match
    end
  end

  result
end

inflections(locale = :en)

產生 Inflector::Inflections 的單例實例,以便您可以指定其他變形規則。如果傳遞可選的語系,則可以指定其他語言的規則。如果未指定,則預設為 :en。僅提供英語規則。

ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections(:en) do |inflect|
  inflect.uncountable 'rails'
end
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/inflections.rb, line 265
def inflections(locale = :en)
  if block_given?
    yield Inflections.instance(locale)
  else
    Inflections.instance_or_fallback(locale)
  end
end

ordinal(number)

傳回應新增到數字的後綴,以表示在有序序列中的位置,例如 1st、2nd、3rd、4th。來源:顯示 | 在 GitHub 上

ordinal(1)     # => "st"
ordinal(2)     # => "nd"
ordinal(1002)  # => "nd"
ordinal(1003)  # => "rd"
ordinal(-11)   # => "th"
ordinal(-1021) # => "st"
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb, line 334
def ordinal(number)
  I18n.translate("number.nth.ordinals", number: number)
end

ordinalize(number)

將數字轉換為序數字串,用於表示在有序序列中的位置,例如 1st、2nd、3rd、4th。

ordinalize(1)     # => "1st"
ordinalize(2)     # => "2nd"
ordinalize(1002)  # => "1002nd"
ordinalize(1003)  # => "1003rd"
ordinalize(-11)   # => "-11th"
ordinalize(-1021) # => "-1021st"
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb, line 347
def ordinalize(number)
  I18n.translate("number.nth.ordinalized", number: number)
end

parameterize(string, separator: "-", preserve_case: false, locale: nil)

替換字串中的特殊字元,以便其可以用作「漂亮」網址的一部分。要使用自定義分隔符號,請覆寫 separator 參數。要保留字串中字元的大小寫,請使用 preserve_case 參數。它會保留破折號和底線,除非它們被用作分隔符號。如果指定了可選參數 locale,則該單詞將被參數化為該語言的單詞。預設情況下,此參數設定為 nil,它將使用已設定的 I18n.locale

parameterize("Donald E. Knuth") # => "donald-e-knuth"
parameterize("^très|Jolie-- ")  # => "tres-jolie"

若要使用自訂分隔符號,請覆寫 `separator` 參數。

parameterize("Donald E. Knuth", separator: '_') # => "donald_e_knuth"
parameterize("^très|Jolie__ ", separator: '_')  # => "tres_jolie"

若要保留字串中字元的大小寫,請使用 `preserve_case` 參數。

parameterize("Donald E. Knuth", preserve_case: true) # => "Donald-E-Knuth"
parameterize("^très|Jolie-- ", preserve_case: true) # => "tres-Jolie"

它會保留破折號和底線,除非它們被用作分隔符號。

parameterize("^très|Jolie__ ")                 # => "tres-jolie__"
parameterize("^très|Jolie-- ", separator: "_") # => "tres_jolie--"
parameterize("^très_Jolie-- ", separator: ".") # => "tres_jolie--"

如果指定了選用參數 `locale`,則單字將會根據該語言的規則進行參數化。預設情況下,此參數設定為 `nil`,它會使用已設定的 `I18n.locale`。

# File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/transliterate.rb, line 123
def parameterize(string, separator: "-", preserve_case: false, locale: nil)
  # Replace accented chars with their ASCII equivalents.
  parameterized_string = transliterate(string, locale: locale)

  # Turn unwanted chars into the separator.
  parameterized_string.gsub!(/[^a-z0-9\-_]+/i, separator)

  unless separator.nil? || separator.empty?
    if separator == "-"
      re_duplicate_separator        = /-{2,}/
      re_leading_trailing_separator = /^-|-$/i
    else
      re_sep = Regexp.escape(separator)
      re_duplicate_separator        = /#{re_sep}{2,}/
      re_leading_trailing_separator = /^#{re_sep}|#{re_sep}$/i
    end
    # No more than one of the separator in a row.
    parameterized_string.gsub!(re_duplicate_separator, separator)
    # Remove leading/trailing separator.
    parameterized_string.gsub!(re_leading_trailing_separator, "")
  end

  parameterized_string.downcase! unless preserve_case
  parameterized_string
end

pluralize(word, locale = :en)

傳回字串中單詞的複數形式。如果傳遞可選的 locale 參數,則該單詞將使用為該語言定義的規則進行複數化。預設情況下,此參數設定為 :en

如果傳入一個可選的 `locale` 參數,則單字將會使用為該語言定義的規則進行複數化。預設情況下,此參數設定為 `:en`。

pluralize('post')             # => "posts"
pluralize('octopus')          # => "octopi"
pluralize('sheep')            # => "sheep"
pluralize('words')            # => "words"
pluralize('CamelOctopus')     # => "CamelOctopi"
pluralize('ley', :es)         # => "leyes"
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb, line 33
def pluralize(word, locale = :en)
  apply_inflections(word, inflections(locale).plurals, locale)
end

safe_constantize(camel_cased_word)

嘗試在參數字串中尋找指定名稱的常數。名稱假設為頂級常數的名稱,無論它是否以 "::" 開頭。不會考慮詞彙上下文。

safe_constantize('Module')   # => Module
safe_constantize('Foo::Bar') # => Foo::Bar

名稱假設為頂級常數的名稱,無論其是否以「::」開頭。詞彙上下文將不予考慮。

C = 'outside'
module M
  C = 'inside'
  C                     # => 'inside'
  safe_constantize('C') # => 'outside', same as ::C
end

當名稱不是駝峰式命名法或常數(或其一部分)未知時,會傳回 nil。來源:顯示 | 在 GitHub 上

safe_constantize('blargle')                  # => nil
safe_constantize('UnknownModule')            # => nil
safe_constantize('UnknownModule::Foo::Bar')  # => nil
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb, line 315
def safe_constantize(camel_cased_word)
  constantize(camel_cased_word)
rescue NameError => e
  raise if e.name && !(camel_cased_word.to_s.split("::").include?(e.name.to_s) ||
    e.name.to_s == camel_cased_word.to_s)
rescue LoadError => e
  message = e.respond_to?(:original_message) ? e.original_message : e.message
  raise unless /Unable to autoload constant #{const_regexp(camel_cased_word)}/.match?(message)
end

singularize(word, locale = :en)

pluralize 的反向操作,傳回字串中單詞的單數形式。如果傳遞可選的 locale 參數,則該單詞將使用為該語言定義的規則進行單數化。預設情況下,此參數設定為 :en

如果傳入一個可選的 `locale` 參數,則單字將會使用為該語言定義的規則進行單數化。預設情況下,此參數設定為 `:en`。

singularize('posts')            # => "post"
singularize('octopi')           # => "octopus"
singularize('sheep')            # => "sheep"
singularize('word')             # => "word"
singularize('CamelOctopi')      # => "CamelOctopus"
singularize('leyes', :es)       # => "ley"
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb, line 50
def singularize(word, locale = :en)
  apply_inflections(word, inflections(locale).singulars, locale)
end

tableize(class_name)

建立表格的名稱,就像 Rails 為模型建立表格名稱一樣。此方法在字串中的最後一個單詞上使用 pluralize 方法。

tableize('RawScaledScorer') # => "raw_scaled_scorers"
tableize('ham_and_egg')     # => "ham_and_eggs"
tableize('fancyCategory')   # => "fancy_categories"
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb, line 204
def tableize(class_name)
  pluralize(underscore(class_name))
end

titleize(word, keep_id_suffix: false)

將所有單詞大寫並替換字串中的某些字元以建立更美觀的標題。titleize 旨在建立漂亮的輸出。它未在 Rails 內部使用。

可以透過將可選參數 `keep_id_suffix` 設定為 true 來保留並大寫尾部的 '_id'、'Id'...。預設情況下,此參數為 false。

titleize('man from the boondocks')                       # => "Man From The Boondocks"
titleize('x-men: the last stand')                        # => "X Men: The Last Stand"
titleize('TheManWithoutAPast')                           # => "The Man Without A Past"
titleize('raiders_of_the_lost_ark')                      # => "Raiders Of The Lost Ark"
titleize('string_ending_with_id', keep_id_suffix: true)  # => "String Ending With Id"
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb, line 192
def titleize(word, keep_id_suffix: false)
  humanize(underscore(word), keep_id_suffix: keep_id_suffix).gsub(/\b(?<!\w['’`()])[a-z]/) do |match|
    match.capitalize
  end
end

transliterate(string, replacement = "?", locale: nil)

將非 ASCII 字元替換為近似的 ASCII 字元,如果不存在近似字元,則使用預設的替代字元「?」。

transliterate('Ærøskøbing')
# => "AEroskobing"

提供西方/拉丁字元的預設近似值,例如「ø」、「ñ」、「é」、「ß」等。

此方法支援國際化 (I18n),因此您可以針對特定語系設定自訂近似值。例如,這可以用於將德語的「ü」和「ö」音譯為「ue」和「oe」,或者新增對俄語音譯為 ASCII 的支援。

為了讓您的自訂音譯可用,您必須將它們設定為 i18n.transliterate.rule 的國際化鍵值。

# Store the transliterations in locales/de.yml
i18n:
  transliterate:
    rule:
      ü: "ue"
      ö: "oe"

# Or set them using Ruby
I18n.backend.store_translations(:de, i18n: {
  transliterate: {
    rule: {
      'ü' => 'ue',
      'ö' => 'oe'
    }
  }
})

i18n.transliterate.rule 的值可以是一個簡單的 雜湊 (Hash),用於將字元映射到 ASCII 近似值,如上所示;或者,對於更複雜的需求,可以使用 Proc。

I18n.backend.store_translations(:de, i18n: {
  transliterate: {
    rule: ->(string) { MyTransliterator.transliterate(string) }
  }
})

現在您可以為每個語系設定不同的音譯規則。

transliterate('Jürgen', locale: :en)
# => "Jurgen"

transliterate('Jürgen', locale: :de)
# => "Juergen"

音譯僅限於 UTF-8、US-ASCII 和 GB18030 字串。其他編碼將引發 ArgumentError。

# File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/transliterate.rb, line 64
def transliterate(string, replacement = "?", locale: nil)
  raise ArgumentError, "Can only transliterate strings. Received #{string.class.name}" unless string.is_a?(String)
  raise ArgumentError, "Cannot transliterate strings with #{string.encoding} encoding" unless ALLOWED_ENCODINGS_FOR_TRANSLITERATE.include?(string.encoding)

  return string.dup if string.ascii_only?
  string = string.dup if string.frozen?

  input_encoding = string.encoding

  # US-ASCII is a subset of UTF-8 so we'll force encoding as UTF-8 if
  # US-ASCII is given. This way we can let tidy_bytes handle the string
  # in the same way as we do for UTF-8
  string.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8) if string.encoding == Encoding::US_ASCII

  # GB18030 is Unicode compatible but is not a direct mapping so needs to be
  # transcoded. Using invalid/undef :replace will result in loss of data in
  # the event of invalid characters, but since tidy_bytes will replace
  # invalid/undef with a "?" we're safe to do the same beforehand
  string.encode!(Encoding::UTF_8, invalid: :replace, undef: :replace) if string.encoding == Encoding::GB18030

  transliterated = I18n.transliterate(
    ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Unicode.tidy_bytes(string).unicode_normalize(:nfc),
    replacement: replacement,
    locale: locale
  )

  # Restore the string encoding of the input if it was not UTF-8.
  # Apply invalid/undef :replace as tidy_bytes does
  transliterated.encode!(input_encoding, invalid: :replace, undef: :replace) if input_encoding != transliterated.encoding

  transliterated
end

underscore(camel_cased_word)

將字串中的表達式轉換為帶底線的小寫形式。

將「::」更改為「/」以將命名空間轉換為路徑。

underscore('ActiveModel')         # => "active_model"
underscore('ActiveModel::Errors') # => "active_model/errors"

根據經驗法則,您可以將 underscore 視為 camelize 的反向操作,但在某些情況下並非如此。

camelize(underscore('SSLError'))  # => "SslError"
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb, line 99
def underscore(camel_cased_word)
  return camel_cased_word.to_s.dup unless /[A-Z-]|::/.match?(camel_cased_word)
  word = camel_cased_word.to_s.gsub("::", "/")
  word.gsub!(inflections.acronyms_underscore_regex) { "#{$1 && '_' }#{$2.downcase}" }
  word.gsub!(/(?<=[A-Z])(?=[A-Z][a-z])|(?<=[a-z\d])(?=[A-Z])/, "_")
  word.tr!("-", "_")
  word.downcase!
  word
end

upcase_first(string)

將字串中的第一個字元轉換為大寫。

upcase_first('what a Lovely Day') # => "What a Lovely Day"
upcase_first('w')                 # => "W"
upcase_first('')                  # => ""
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/inflector/methods.rb, line 166
def upcase_first(string)
  string.length > 0 ? string[0].upcase.concat(string[1..-1]) : +""
end